Veterinary science has finally caught up to what ethologists have known for a century:
Managing wild animals in captivity presents unique psychological challenges. Zoo veterinarians and behaviorists use environmental enrichment and positive reinforcement training (PRT) to promote natural behaviors and reduce stereotypic behaviors (like pacing or swaying). Furthermore, animals are trained using cooperative veterinary care techniques. For example, a voluntary blood draw from a chimpanzee or a conscious ultrasound on a pregnant elephant eliminates the need for stressful and risky chemical restraint (anesthesia). Emerging Trends and the Future Veterinary science has finally caught up to what