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The serve as a standard for this approach: freedom from hunger/thirst, discomfort, pain/disease, fear/distress, and the ability to express normal behavior. Modern science has further evolved to focus on promoting positive welfare states and mental well-being. Animal Rights: A Philosophy of Inherent Value
High-consequence testing on primates, dogs, and rodents raises immense ethical red flags regarding pain management and confinement. The serve as a standard for this approach: